Micro finance is a source of financial services for entrepreneurs and small businesses lacking access to banking and related services. The two main mechanisms for the delivery of financial services to such clients are: In some regions, for example Southern Africamicrofinance is used to describe the supply of financial services to low-income employees, which is closer to the retail finance model prevalent in mainstream banking.

For some, microfinance is a movement whose object is "a world in which as many poor and near-poor households as possible have permanent access to an appropriate range of high quality financial services, including not just credit but also savingsinsuranceand fund transfers. For others, microfinance is a way to promote economic development, employment and growth through the support of micro-entrepreneurs and small businesses. Microfinance is a broad category of services, which includes microcredit.

Microcredit is provision of credit services to poor clients. Microcredit is one of the aspects of microfinance and the two are often confused. Critics may attack microcredit while referring to it indiscriminately as either 'microcredit' or 'microfinance'.

Due to the broad range of microfinance services, it is difficult to assess impact, and very few studies have tried to assess its full impact.

What it does do, however, is to enhance financial inclusion. In developing economies and particularly in rural areas, many activities that would be classified in the developed world as financial are not monetized: This is often the case when people need the services money can provide but do not have dispensable funds required for those services, forcing them to revert to other means of acquiring them.

In their book The Poor and Their MoneyStuart Rutherford and Sukhwinder Arora cite several types of needs:. People find creative and often collaborative ways to meet these needs, primarily through creating and exchanging different forms of non-cash value.

Common substitutes for cash vary from country to country but typically include livestock, grains, jewelry and precious metals. As Marguerite Robinson describes in The Micro finance Revolution, the s demonstrated that "micro finance could provide large-scale outreach profitably," and in the s, "micro finance began to develop as an industry"p.

In the s, the micro finance industry's objective is to satisfy the unmet demand on a much larger scale, and to play a role in reducing poverty. While much progress has been made in developing a viable, commercial micro finance sector in the last few decades, several issues remain that need to be addressed before the industry will be able to satisfy massive worldwide demand.

The obstacles or challenges to building a sound commercial micro finance industry include:. Microfinance is the proper tool to reduce income inequality, allowing citizens from lower socio-economical classes to participate in the economy. Moreover, its involvement has shown to lead to a downward trend in income inequality Hermes, Rutherford argues that the basic problem that poor people face as money managers is to gather a 'usefully large' amount of money.

Building a new home may involve saving and protecting diverse building materials for years until enough are available to proceed with construction. Because all the value is accumulated before it is needed, this money management strategy is referred to as 'saving up'. Often, people don't have enough money when they face a need, so they borrow.

A poor family might borrow from relatives to buy land, from a moneylender to buy rice, or from a microfinance institution to buy a sewing machine. Since these loans must be repaid by saving after the cost is incurred, Rutherford calls this 'saving down'. Rutherford's point is that microcredit is addressing only half the problem, and arguably the less important half: Microcredit institutions should fund their loans through savings accounts that help poor people manage their myriad risks.

Most needs are met through a mix of saving and credit. Recent studies have also shown that informal methods of saving are unsafe. For example, a study by Wright and Mutesasira in Uganda concluded that "those with no option but to save in the informal sector are almost bound to lose some money—probably around one quarter of what they save there.

The work of Rutherford, Wright and others has caused practitioners to reconsider a key aspect of the microcredit paradigm: The new paradigm places more attention on the efforts of poor people to reduce their many vulnerabilities by keeping more of what they earn and building up their assets.

While they need loans, they may find it as useful to borrow for consumption as for microenterprise. A safe, flexible place to save money and withdraw it when needed is also essential for managing household and family risk. The microfinance project of "saving up" is exemplified in the slums of the south-eastern city of Vijayawada, India.

This microfinance project functions as an unofficial banking system where Jyothi, a "deposit collector", collects money from slum dwellers, mostly women, in order for them to accumulate savings. Jyothi does her rounds throughout the city, collecting Rs5 a day from people in the slums for days, however not always days in a row since these women do not always have the funds available to put them into savings.

They ultimately end up with Rs at the end of the process. However, there are some issues with this microfinance saving program. One of the issues is that while saving, clients are actually losing part of their savings. There is also the risk of entrusting their savings to unlicensed, informal, peripatetic collectors.

However, the slum dwellers are willing to accept this risk because they are unable to save at home, and unable to use the remote and unfriendly banks in their country. This specific microfinance project is a great example of the benefits and limitations of the "saving up" project Rutherford, The microfinance project of "saving through" is shown in Nairobi, Kenya which includes a Rotating Savings and Credit Associations or ROSCAs initiative.

This is a small scale example, however Rutherford describes a woman he met in Nairobi and studied her ROSCA. Everyday 15 women would save shillings so there would be a lump sum of 1, shillings and everyday 1 of the 15 women would receive that lump sum. This would continue for 15 days and another woman within this group would receive the lump sum. At the end of the 15 days a new cycle would start.

This ROSCA initiative is different from the "saving up" example above because there are no interest rates affiliated with the ROSCA, additionally everyone receives back what they put forth. This initiative requires trust and social capital networks in order to work, so often these ROSCAs include people who know each other and have reciprocity. The ROSCA allows for marginalized groups to receive a lump sum at one time in order to pay or save for specific needs they have.

One of the principal challenges of microfinance is providing small loans at an affordable cost. Indeed, the local microfinance organizations that receive zero-interest loan capital from the online microlending platform Kiva charge average interest and fee rates of Microfinance practitioners have long argued that such high interest rates are simply unavoidable, because the cost of making each loan cannot be reduced below a certain level while still allowing the lender to cover costs such as offices and staff salaries.

For example, in Sub-Saharan Africa credit risk for microfinance institutes is very high, because customers need years to improve their livelihood and face many challenges during this time.

Financial institutes often do not even have a system to check the person's identity. Additionally they are unable to design new products and enlarge their business to reduce the risk. The high costs of traditional microfinance loans limit their effectiveness as a poverty-fighting tool. According to a recent survey of microfinance borrowers in Ghana published by the Center for Financial Inclusion, more than one-third of borrowers surveyed reported struggling to repay their loans.

Some resorted to measures such as reducing their food intake or taking children out of school in order to repay microfinance debts that had not proven sufficiently profitable. In recent years, the microfinance industry has shifted its focus from the objective of increasing the volume of lending capital available, to address the challenge of providing microfinance loans more affordably. Microfinance analyst David Roodman contends that, in mature markets, the average interest and fee rates charged by microfinance institutions tend to fall over time.

The answer to providing microfinance services at an affordable cost may lie in rethinking one of the fundamental assumptions underlying microfinance: The P2P microlending service Zidisha is based on this premise, facilitating direct interaction between individual lenders and borrowers via an internet community rather than physical offices.

However, it remains to be seen whether such radical alternative models can reach the scale necessary to compete with traditional microfinance programs. Practitioners and donors from the charitable side of microfinance frequently argue for restricting microcredit to loans for productive purposes—such as to start or expand a microenterprise.

Those from the private-sector side respond that, because money is fungiblesuch a restriction is impossible to enforce, and that in any case it should not be up to rich people to determine how poor people use their money [ citation needed ]. There has been a long-standing debate over the sharpness of the trade-off between 'outreach' the ability of a microfinance institution to reach poorer and more remote people and its ' sustainability ' its ability to cover its operating costs—and possibly also its costs of serving new clients—from its operating revenues.

Although it is generally agreed that microfinance practitioners should seek to balance these goals to some extent, there are a wide variety of strategies, ranging from the minimalist profit-orientation of BancoSol in Bolivia to the highly integrated not-for-profit orientation of BRAC in Bangladesh. This is true not only for individual institutions, but also for governments engaged in developing national microfinance systems.

BRAC was ranked the number one NGO in the world in and by the Geneva-based NGO Advisor. Microfinance generally agree that women should be the primary focus of service delivery. Evidence shows that they are less likely to default on their loans than men. Industry data from for MFIs reaching 52 million borrowers includes MFIs using the solidarity lending methodology The delinquency rate for solidarity lending was 0.

Microfinance's emphasis on female-oriented lending is the subject of controversy, as it is claimed that microfinance improves the status of women through an alleviation of poverty.

It is argued that by providing women with initial capital, they will be able to support themselves independent of men, in a manner which would encourage sustainable growth of enterprise and eventual self-sufficiency. This claim has yet to be proven in any substantial form. Moreover, the attraction of women as a potential investment base is precisely because they are constrained by socio-cultural norms regarding such concepts of obedience, familial duty, household maintenance and passivity.

In particular, the shift in norms such that women continue to be responsible for all the domestic private sphere labour as well as undertaking public economic support for their families, independent of male aid increases rather than decreases burdens on already limited persons. If there were to be an exchange of labour, or if women's income were supplemental rather than essential to household maintenance, there might be some truth to claims of establishing long-term businesses; however when so constrained it is impossible for women to do more than pay off a current loan only to take on another in a cyclic pattern which is beneficial to the financier but hardly to the borrower.

This gender essentializing crosses over from institutionalized lenders such as the Grameen Bank into interpersonal direct lending through charitable crowd-funding operations, such as Kiva. More recently, the popularity of non-profit global online lending has grown, suggesting that a redress of gender norms might be instituted through individual selection fomented by the processes of such programs, but the reality is as yet uncertain.

The result is that microfinance continues to rely on restrictive gender norms rather than seek to subvert them through credit risk in futures trading redress in terms of foundation change: Microfinancing produces many benefits for poverty stricken, or low- income households.

One of the benefits is that it is very accessible.

Microfinance: Making a profit from loans to poor carries risks

Through microfinancing small loans are produced and accessible. Microfinancing is based on the philosophy that even small amounts of credit can help end the cycle of poverty.

Another benefit produced from the microfinancing initiative is that it presents opportunities, such as extending education and jobs. Families receiving microfinancing are less likely to pull their children out of school for economic reasons.

As well, in relation to employment, people are more likely to open small mashable make money that will aid the creation of new jobs.

Overall, who engaged in binary options benefits outline that the microfinancing initiative is set out to improve the standard of living amongst impoverished communities Rutherford, There are also many challenges within microfinance initiatives which may be social or financial.

Here, more learning resources pretend & play calculator cash register and better-off community members may cheat poorer or less-educated neighbours. This may occur intentionally or inadvertently through loosely run organizations.

As a result, many microfinance initiatives require a large amount of social capital or trust in order to work effectively. The ability of poorer people to save may also fluctuate buy nokia stock now time as unexpected costs may take priority which could result in them being able to save little or nothing some weeks.

Rates of inflation may cause funds to lose their value, thus financially harming the saver and not benefiting collector Rutherford, Over the past centuries, practical visionaries, from the Franciscan monks who founded the community-oriented pawnshops of the 15th century to the founders of the European credit union movement in the 19th century such as Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen and the founders of the microcredit movement in the s such as Muhammad Yunus and Al Whittakerhave tested practices and built institutions designed to bring the kinds of opportunities and risk-management tools that financial services can provide to the doorsteps of poor people.

In nations with lower population densities, meeting the operating costs of a retail branch by serving nearby customers has proven considerably more challenging. Hans Dieter Seibel, board member of the European Microfinance Platform, is investing in norway stock market favour of the group model.

This particular model used by many Microfinance institutions makes financial sense, he says, because it reduces transaction costs.

Microfinance programmes also need to be based on local funds. The history of microfinancing stock market rsi be traced back as far as the middle of the s, when the theorist Lysander Spooner was writing about the benefits of small credits to entrepreneurs and farmers as a way of getting the people out of poverty. Independently of Spooner, Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen founded the first cooperative lending banks to support farmers in rural Germany.

The modern use of the expression "microfinancing" has roots in the s when organizations, such as Grameen Bank of Bangladesh with the microfinance pioneer Muhammad Yunuswere starting and shaping the modern industry of microfinancing. Another pioneer in this sector is Akhtar Hameed Khan. Poor people borrow from informal moneylenders and save with informal collectors. They receive loans and grants from charities. They buy insurance from state-owned companies. They receive funds transfers through formal or informal remittance networks.

It is not easy to distinguish microfinance from easiest way to make money playing online poker activities. It could be binary options species actually exist that vector autoregression stock market government that orders state banks to open deposit accounts for poor consumers, or a moneylender that engages in usuryor a charity that runs a heifer pool are engaged in microfinance.

Ensuring financial services to poor people is best done by expanding the number of financial institutions available to them, as well as by strengthening the capacity of those institutions. In recent years there has also been increasing emphasis on expanding the diversity of institutions, since different institutions serve different needs. Some principles that summarize a century and a half of development practice were encapsulated in by CGAP and endorsed by the Group of Eight leaders at the G8 Summit on June 10, Microfinance is considered a tool for socio-economic development, and can be clearly distinguished from charity.

Families who are breakout bollinger bands, or so poor they are unlikely to be able to generate the cash flow required to repay a loan, should chart pattern forex pdf recipients of charity.

Others are best served by binary option trading strategies for beginners authority institutions.

No systematic effort to map the distribution of microfinance has yet been undertaken. A benchmark was established by an analysis of 'alternative financial institutions' in the developing world in how to make money in microfinance Of these accounts, million were with institutions normally understood to practice microfinance. Reflecting the diverse historical roots of the movement, however, they also included postal savings banks million accountsstate agricultural and development banks million accountsfinancial cooperatives and credit unions 35 million accounts and specialized rural banks 19 million accounts.

Considering that most bank clients in the developed world need several active accounts to keep their affairs in order, these figures indicate grain livestock market usda the task the microfinance movement has set for itself is still very far from finished.

By type of service, "savings accounts in alternative finance institutions outnumber loans by about four to one. This is a worldwide pattern that does not vary much by region.

An important source of detailed data on selected microfinance institutions is the MicroBanking Bulletinwhich is published by Microfinance Information Exchange. Another jetblue employee stock options of information regarding the environment of microfinance is the Global Microscope brazilian real vs us dollar graph the Microfinance Business Environment, [32] prepared by the Economist Intelligence Unit EIUthe Inter-American Development Bankand others.

The report contains information on the environment of microfinance in 55 countries among two categories, Regulatory Framework and the Supporting Institutional Framework. As yet there are no studies that indicate the scale or distribution of 'informal' microfinance organizations like ROSCA 's and informal associations that help people manage costs how to make money in microfinance weddings, funerals and sickness.

Numerous case studies have been published, however, indicating that these organizations, which are generally designed and managed by poor people themselves with little outside help, operate in most countries in the developing world. Help can come in the form of more and better-qualified staff, thus higher education is needed for microfinance institutions. This has begun in some universities, as Oliver Schmidt describes.

Mind the management gap. In Canada and the USmicrofinance organizations target marginalized populations unable to access mainstream bank financing. In the US and Canada, aims of microfinance include the graduation of recipients from welfare programs and an improvement in their credit rating.

In the late s, microfinance institutions developed in the United States. They served low-income and marginalized minority communities. Bythere were microfinance organizations operating in the US with lending capital. These factors incentivized the public and private supports to have microlending activity in the United States. Microfinance in Canada took shape through the development of credit unions. These credit unions provided financial services to the Canadians who could not get access to traditional financial means.

Banks Making Big Profits From Tiny Loans - yvajotefihy.web.fc2.com

Two separate branches of credit unions developed in Canada to serve the financially marginalized segment of the population. Alphonse Desjardins introduced the forex trading jobs in johannesburg of savings and credit services in late to the Quebecois who did not have financial access.

Approximately 30 years later Father Moses Coady introduced credit unions to Nova Scotia. These were the models of the modern institutions still present in Canada today. Efforts to transfer specific microfinance innovations such as solidarity lending from developing countries to Canada have met with little success. Formed in through the merging of the Civil Service Savings and Loan Society and the Metro Credit Union, Alterna is a financial alternative to Canadians.

Their banking policy is based on cooperative values and expert financial advising. Based in Toronto, Ontario, ACCESS is a Canadian charity that helps entrepreneurs without collateral or credit history find is earnest money required for a va loan small loans.

Created to help eradicate poverty, Montreal Community Loan Fund provides accessible credit and technical support to entrepreneurs with low income or credit for start-ups or expansion of organizations that cannot access traditional forms of credit.

Using the community economic development approach, Momentum offers opportunities to people living in poverty in Calgary. Momentum provides individuals and families who want to better their financial situation take control of phillies trade options, become computer literate, secure employment, investing in the stock market at a young age and repay loans for business, and purchase homes.

Complications specific to Canada include the need for loans of a substantial size in comparison to the ones typically seen in many international microfinance initiatives.

Microfinance is also limited by the rules and limitations surrounding money-lending. As a result, many people look to banks to provide these loans. Also, microfinance in Canada is driven by profit which, as a result, fails to advance the social development of community members.

Within marginalized or impoverished Canadian communities, banks may not be readily accessible to deposit or take out funds. These banks which would have charged little or no interest on small amounts of cash are replaced by lending companies. In Canada, microfinancing competes with pay-day loans institutions which take advantage of marginalized and low-income individuals by charging extremely high, predatory interest rates.

Communities with low social capital often don't have the networks to implement and support microfinance initiatives, leading to the proliferation of pay day loan institutions. Pay day loan companies are unlike traditional microfinance in that they don't encourage collectivism and social capital building in low income communities, however exist solely for profit.

Loans to poor people by banks have many limitations including lack of security and high operating costs. As a result, microfinance was developed as an alternative to provide loans to poor people with the goal of creating financial inclusion and equality.

Muhammad Yunusa Nobel Prize winner, introduced the concept of Microfinance in Bangladesh in the form of the "Grameen Bank". The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development NABARD took this idea and started the concept of microfinance in India.

Under this mechanism, there exists a link between SHGs Self-help groupsNGOs and banks. SHGs are formed and nurtured by NGOs and only after accomplishing a certain level of maturity in terms of their internal thrift and credit operations are they entitled to seek credit from the banks.

There is an involvement from the concerned NGO before and even after the SHG-Bank linkage. The SHG-Bank linkage programme, which has been in place since in India, has provided about In addition to Grameen Bank, Equitas has been another microfinance organization in Tamil Nadu. The South and Western states are the ones attracting the greatest number of microfinance loans.

Microfinance is defined as, financial services such as savings accounts, insurance funds and credit provided to poor and low income clients so as to help them increase their income, thereby improving their standard of living. In JuneCRISIL released its latest report on the Indian Microfinance Sector titled "India's 25 Leading MFI's".

The microcredit era that began in the s has lost its momentum, to be replaced by a 'financial systems' approach. While microcredit achieved a great deal, especially in urban and near-urban areas and with entrepreneurial families, its progress in delivering financial services in less densely populated rural areas has been slow. The new financial systems approach pragmatically acknowledges the richness of centuries of microfinance history and the immense diversity of institutions serving poor people in developing world today.

Brigit Helms in her book 'Access for All: Building Inclusive Financial Systems', distinguishes between four general categories of microfinance providers, and argues for a pro-active strategy of engagement with all of them to help them achieve the goals of the microfinance movement.

With appropriate regulation and supervision, each of these institutional types can bring leverage to solving the microfinance problem. For example, efforts are being made to link self-help groups to commercial banks, to network member-owned organizations together to achieve economies of scale and scope, and to support efforts by commercial banks to 'down-scale' by integrating mobile banking and e-payment technologies into their extensive branch networks.

Due to the unbalanced emphasis on credit at the expense of microsavings, as well as a desire to link Western investors to the sector, peer-to-peer platforms have developed to expand the availability of microcredit through individual lenders in the developed world.

New platforms that connect lenders to micro-entrepreneurs are emerging on the Web, for example MYC4KivaZidishamyELEN, Opportunity International and the Microloan Foundation.

Another Web-based microlender United Prosperity uses a variation on the usual microlending model; with United Prosperity the micro-lender provides a guarantee to a local bank which then lends back double that amount to the micro-entrepreneur. Inthe US-based nonprofit Zidisha became the first peer-to-peer microlending platform to link lenders and borrowers directly across international borders without local intermediaries.

In comparison, the needs for microcredit are estimated about bn USD as of end There have been problems with disclosure on peer-to-peer sites, with some reporting interest rates of borrowers using the flat rate methodology instead of the familiar banking Annual Percentage Rate. Microfinance has also been combined with business education and with other packages of health interventions. This approach shows, that microfinance can not only help businesses to prosper; it can also foster human development and social security.

Pro Mujer uses a "one-stop shop" approach, which means in one building, the clients find financial services, business training, empowerment advice and healthcare services combined.

According to technology analyst David GarrityMicrofinance and Mobile Financial Services MFS have provided marginal populations with access to basic financial services, including savings programs and insurance policies. Most criticisms of microfinance have actually been criticisms of microcredit. Criticism focuses on the impact on poverty, the level of interest rates, high profits, overindebtedness and suicides.

Other criticism include the role of foreign donors and working conditions in companies affiliated to microfinance institutions, particularly in Bangladesh. The impact of microcredit is a subject of much controversy.

Proponents state that it reduces poverty through higher employment and higher incomes. This is expected to lead to improved nutrition and improved education of the borrowers' children. Some argue that microcredit empowers women.

In the US and Canada, it is argued that microcredit helps recipients to graduate from welfare programs. Critics say that microcredit has not increased incomes, but has driven poor households into a debt trap, in some cases even leading to suicide.

They add that the money from loans is often used for durable consumer goods or consumption instead of being used for productive investments, that it fails to empower women, and that it has not improved health or education. Moreover, as the access to micro-loans is widespread, borrowers tend to acquire several loans from different companies, making it nearly impossible to pay the debt back.

The available evidence indicates that in many cases microcredit has facilitated the creation and the growth of businesses. It has often generated self-employment, but it has not necessarily increased incomes after interest payments.

In some cases it has driven borrowers into debt traps. In short, microcredit has achieved much less than what its proponents said it would achieve, but its negative impacts have not been as drastic as some critics have argued. Microcredit is just one factor influencing the success of small businesses, whose success is influenced to a much larger extent by how much an economy or a particular market grows. For example, local competition in the area of lack of a domestic markets for certain goods can influence how successful small businesses who receive microcredit are.

Mission drift refers to the phenomena through which the MFIs or the micro finance institutions increasingly try to cater to customers who are better off than their original customers, primarily the poor families.

Roy Mersland and R. The role of donors has also been questioned. CGAP recently commented that "a large proportion of the money they spend is not effective, either because it gets hung up in unsuccessful and often complicated funding mechanisms for example, a government apex facilityor it goes to partners that are not held accountable for performance.

In some cases, poorly conceived programs have retarded the development of inclusive financial systems by distorting markets and displacing domestic commercial initiatives with cheap or free money.

There has also been criticism of microlenders for not taking more responsibility for the working conditions of poor households, particularly when borrowers become quasi-wage labourers, selling crafts or agricultural produce through an organization controlled by the MFI. The desire of MFIs to help their borrower diversify and increase their incomes has sparked this type of relationship in several countries, most notably Bangladeshwhere hundreds of thousands of borrowers effectively work as wage labourers for the marketing subsidiaries of Grameen Bank or BRAC.

Critics maintain that there are few if any rules or standards in these cases governing working hours, holidays, working conditions, safety or child labour, and few inspection regimes to correct abuses. In Nigeria cases of fraud have been reported.

Dubious banks promised their clients outrageous interest rates. These banks were closed shortly after clients had deposited money and their deposits were lost. The officials of Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation NDIC have warned customers about so-called "wonder banks". From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. Learn how and when to remove these template messages.

For more details on this topic, see Impact of microcredit. Financial institutions with a double-bottom line: CGAP Occasional Paper, Julypp.

Microfinance: What It Is And How To Get Involved

NBER Working Paper No. Retrieved 10 March The poor and their money: Does microfinance affect income inequality? Applied Economics, 46 9 Fighting poverty with microcredit: The University Press Ltd.

The New York Times. Retrieved October 10, Do the micro-loans contribute to the well-being of the people or do they leave them even poorer due to high interest rates? An Impertinent Inquiry Into Microfinance. Retrieved 11 January Microfinance Information Exchange, Inc.

Journal of International Business Studies. International Journal of Voluntary and Non-Profit Organizations. Building Inclusive Financial Systems. CGAP Occasional Paper, July Financial institutions with a double-bottom linepp. Economist Intelligence Unit Ltd. Retrieved June 19, Archived July 10,at the Wayback Machine. Journal of Small Business Management. Community Economic Development Programs".

Archived from the original on December 6, Microfinance loan officers and the work of "proxy-creditors" in India. Journal of the American Ethnological Society, 40 3 Information Sharing and SMME Financing in South AfricaPolitical and Economic Research Council PERCp Archived at the Wayback Machine. An emerging investment opportunity.

Why We Need Transparent Pricing in Microfinance. Archived March 25,at the Wayback Machine. Understanding the impact of a microfinance-based intervention of women's empowerment and the reduction of intimate partner violence in South Africa.

American Journal of Public Health. Impact of business training on microfinance clients and institutions". The Review of Economics and Statistics. Healthy clients" Digital magazine. Engagement Global — Service for Development Initiatives.

Retrieved 12 February Retrieved July 15, Microfinance emerging trends and challenges pp. World Scientificpp. Archived from the original on April 10, Wonder Banks Debunked - Digital Development Debates". Annual percentage rate APR Effective annual rate EAR Credit history. Personal finance Alternative financial services Financial literacy. Retrieved from " https: Economic development Poverty Social economy Microfinance.

Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in. Views Read Edit View history. Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store. Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page. Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page.

In other projects Wikimedia Commons. This page was last edited on 21 Juneat Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view. This article may be too technical for most readers to understand.

Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-expertswithout removing the technical details. The talk page may contain suggestions. January Learn how and when to remove this template message.

This article includes a list of referencesbut its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations.

February Learn how and when to remove this template message. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microfinance.